SharedPreferences是开发中很常见的一个类，它的主要作用是持久化本地的一些基础数据，方便我们做一些简单的业务判断。基础用法如下：
SharedPreferences sharedPrefs = context.getSharedPreferences("tts", Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
// 持久化值
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPrefs.edit();
editor.putString("version", "1.0");
editor.commit();
// 取出值
String version = sharedPrefs.getString("version", "");
SharedPreferences具有简单和无结构化的特点，对于简单的业务场景来说，它比Database更为实用，其本质上就是一个xml文件和I/O操作的集合，上述操作生成的tts.xml内容如下：
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes' ?>
<map>
<string name="version" value="1.0" />
</map>
SharedPreferences会对磁盘的文件做操作，但磁盘操作都是较为耗时的，所以Android会将磁盘内容读取到内存中，从而直接对内存进行操作，这就是SharedPreferences缓存机制。
源码分析
以下源码基于Android 8.1，先看下SharedPreferences的两种获取方式：context.getSharedPreferences() 和 Preferencemanager.getDefaultSharedPreferences()，其中Preferencemanager.getDefaultSharedPreferences()也是调用了 context.getSharedPreferences()，只是将 Packagename + “_preferences” 作为SP文件的名字，代码如下：
/**
* Gets a {@link SharedPreferences} instance that points to the default file that is used by
* the preference framework in the given context.
*
* @param context The context of the preferences whose values are wanted.
* @return A {@link SharedPreferences} instance that can be used to retrieve and listen
* to values of the preferences.
*/
public static SharedPreferences getDefaultSharedPreferences(Context context) {
return context.getSharedPreferences(getDefaultSharedPreferencesName(context),
getDefaultSharedPreferencesMode());
}
/**
* Returns the name used for storing default shared preferences.
*
* @see #getDefaultSharedPreferences(Context)
*/
public static String getDefaultSharedPreferencesName(Context context) {
return context.getPackageName() + "_preferences";
}
private static int getDefaultSharedPreferencesMode() {
return Context.MODE_PRIVATE;
}
再看下context.getSharedPreferences() ，实现在 ContextImpl 里面：
@Override
public SharedPreferences getSharedPreferences(String name, int mode) {
// At least one application in the world actually passes in a null
// name. This happened to work because when we generated the file name
// we would stringify it to "null.xml". Nice.
if (mPackageInfo.getApplicationInfo().targetSdkVersion <
Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT) {
if (name == null) {
name = "null";
}
}
// 1.通过name获取File
File file;
synchronized (ContextImpl.class) {
if (mSharedPrefsPaths == null) {
mSharedPrefsPaths = new ArrayMap<>();
}
file = mSharedPrefsPaths.get(name);
if (file == null) {
file = getSharedPreferencesPath(name);
mSharedPrefsPaths.put(name, file);
}
}
// 2.通过File获取SharedPreferences
return getSharedPreferences(file, mode);
}
@Override
public SharedPreferences getSharedPreferences(File file, int mode) {
SharedPreferencesImpl sp;
synchronized (ContextImpl.class) {
final ArrayMap<File, SharedPreferencesImpl> cache = getSharedPreferencesCacheLocked();
sp = cache.get(file);
if (sp == null) {
checkMode(mode);
if (getApplicationInfo().targetSdkVersion >= android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
if (isCredentialProtectedStorage()
&& !getSystemService(UserManager.class)
.isUserUnlockingOrUnlocked(UserHandle.myUserId())) {
throw new IllegalStateException("SharedPreferences in credential encrypted "
+ "storage are not available until after user is unlocked");
}
}
sp = new SharedPreferencesImpl(file, mode);
cache.put(file, sp);
return sp;
}
}
if ((mode & Context.MODE_MULTI_PROCESS) != 0 ||
getApplicationInfo().targetSdkVersion < android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB) {
// If somebody else (some other process) changed the prefs
// file behind our back, we reload it. This has been the
// historical (if undocumented) behavior.
sp.startReloadIfChangedUnexpectedly();
}
return sp;
}
private ArrayMap<File, SharedPreferencesImpl> getSharedPreferencesCacheLocked() {
if (sSharedPrefsCache == null) {
sSharedPrefsCache = new ArrayMap<>();
}
final String packageName = getPackageName();
ArrayMap<File, SharedPreferencesImpl> packagePrefs = sSharedPrefsCache.get(packageName);
if (packagePrefs == null) {
packagePrefs = new ArrayMap<>();
sSharedPrefsCache.put(packageName, packagePrefs);
}
return packagePrefs;
}
分析上述代码，getSharedPreferences()会先判断 mSharedPrefsPaths 中是否有缓存（它维护从SharedPreferences name到File的映射），如果没有只能根据File path获取File对象，再缓存至 mSharedPrefsPaths 中。
那么如何通过File对象获取SharedPreferences对象呢？主要依靠 sSharedprefsCache 缓存，sSharedprefsCache 的key为package name，value为File对象到SharedPreferences对象的映射，如果sSharedprefsCache 里面没有package name对应的缓存，则先创建File对象到SharedPreferences对象的映射，再new SharedpreferenceImpl（Sharedpreferences实现类）对象并缓存起来。
从这段代码看，getSharedPreferences()不仅是线程安全的，还有一些对于多进程的保护措施：当模式为MODE_MULTI_PROCESS时，会通过sp.startReloadIfChangedUnexpectedly()去尝试再次加载xml文件内容，然而通过这种方式来保证多进程访问的安全性会有以下问题：
- 使用MODE_MULTI_PROCESS时，不要在本地自行缓存Sharedpreferences，必须每次都从
context.getSharedPreferences()获取，否则无法触发reload，可能导致两个进程数据不同步。 - 从磁盘加载xml文件是耗时的，此时如果进行Sharedpreferences其他操作都会阻塞等待，这意味着很多时候获取Sharedpreferences数据都不得不从xml文件再读一遍，大大降低了内存缓存的作用。
- 修改Sharedpreferences数据时只能用commit()，保证修改时写入了文件，这样其他进程才能通过文件大小或修改时间感知到文件发生了变化。
无论怎么说，MODE_MULTI_PROCESS都很糟糕，因此已被废弃，Android更建议使用ContentProvider来处理多进程间的文件共享。
根据上面的分析，在冷启动的场景下首次调用getSharedPreferences()时，会执行new ShaedPreferenceImpl()
SharedPreferencesImpl(File file, int mode) {
mFile = file;
mBackupFile = makeBackupFile(file);
mMode = mode;
mLoaded = false;
mMap = null; // SharedPreferences中所有键值对，从xml文件中读取
startLoadFromDisk(); // 开启线程异步加载xml文件内容
}
private void startLoadFromDisk() {
synchronized (mLock) { // 悲观锁保证线程安全，可以优化成CAS乐观锁
mLoaded = false; // 标识xml文件未加载完成
}
new Thread("SharedPreferencesImpl-load") {
public void run() {
loadFromDisk();
}
}.start();
}
从代码看，主要是异步线程读取xml文件，线程的名字是 SharedpreferencesImpl-load，这个过程也是线程安全的。
private void loadFromDisk() {
synchronized (mLock) {
if (mLoaded) {
return;
}
if (mBackupFile.exists()) {
mFile.delete();
mBackupFile.renameTo(mFile);
}
}
// Debugging
if (mFile.exists() && !mFile.canRead()) {
Log.w(TAG, "Attempt to read preferences file " + mFile + " without permission");
}
Map map = null;
StructStat stat = null;
try {
stat = Os.stat(mFile.getPath());
if (mFile.canRead()) {
BufferedInputStream str = null;
try {
str = new BufferedInputStream(
new FileInputStream(mFile), 16*1024); // 通过Java IO对文件进行读取
map = XmlUtils.readMapXml(str); // xml解析
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.w(TAG, "Cannot read " + mFile.getAbsolutePath(), e);
} finally {
IoUtils.closeQuietly(str);
}
}
} catch (ErrnoException e) {
/* ignore */
}
synchronized (mLock) {
mLoaded = true; // xml文件加载完毕
if (map != null) {
mMap = map; // 读取的键值对缓存至mMap
mStatTimestamp = stat.st_mtim;
mStatSize = stat.st_size;
} else {
mMap = new HashMap<>();
}
mLock.notifyAll();// 激活正在等待的线程
}
}
上述代码通过XmlUtils.readMapXml()读取xml中所有键值对，并缓存至 mMap。因此，Sharedpreferences在冷启动后首次使用时性能开销大，主要是把文件中所有的键值对读取到内存的过程。
那么我们每次从Sharedpreferences中读取数据，都会立刻取到吗？让我们看下实现：
@Nullable
public String getString(String key, @Nullable String defValue) {
synchronized (mLock) {
awaitLoadedLocked(); // 阻塞等待xml文件加载完成
String v = (String)mMap.get(key);
return v != null v : defValue;
}
}
@GuardedBy("mLock")
private void awaitLoadedLocked() {
if (!mLoaded) {
// Raise an explicit StrictMode onReadFromDisk for this
// thread, since the real read will be in a different
// thread and otherwise ignored by StrictMode.
BlockGuard.getThreadPolicy().onReadFromDisk();
}
while (!mLoaded) {
try {
mLock.wait(); // 阻塞等待
} catch (InterruptedException unused) {
}
}
if (mThrowable != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException(mThrowable);
}
}
从代码看getString()会从 mMap 中直接获取，而且是线程安全的，如果此时xml文件还没有加载到内存，则会阻塞等待。这是SP的一个缺点。
再看下写入过程，所有对于Sharedpreferences的修改操作都需要一个 Editor 对象，它的实现类是 EditorImpl：
public final class EditorImpl implements Editor {
private final Object mLock = new Object();
@GuardedBy("mLock")
private final Map<String, Object> mModified = Maps.newHashMap(); // 记录diff数据
@GuardedBy("mLock")
private boolean mClear = false;
public Editor putString(String key, @Nullable String value) {
synchronized (mLock) {
mModified.put(key, value);
return this;
}
}
}
从代码中可以看出，执行putString()时，只是写到了 mModified 中，并没有写入 mMap，更没有写入磁盘xml文件。
那什么时机写入呢？答案是在commit()或apply()时：
public boolean commit() {
long startTime = 0;
if (DEBUG) {
startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
// 1.提交到内存
MemoryCommitResult mcr = commitToMemory();
// 2.写盘操作，完成后由mcr释放锁，注意第二个参数为null，表示在当前线程同步写盘
SharedPreferencesImpl.this.enqueueDiskWrite(
mcr, null /* sync write on this thread okay */);
try {
// 3.利用mcr开启CountDownLatch阻塞
mcr.writtenToDiskLatch.await();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
return false;
} finally {
if (DEBUG) {
Log.d(TAG, mFile.getName() + ":" + mcr.memoryStateGeneration
+ " committed after " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime)
+ " ms");
}
}
notifyListeners(mcr);
// 4.锁被释放后，返回写操作的执行结果
return mcr.writeToDiskResult;
}
commit() 先将修改更新至内存 mMap，再将修改同步写入磁盘xml，它利用CountDownLatch保证等待写盘完成后返回执行结果。
public void apply() {
final long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
// 1.提交到内存
final MemoryCommitResult mcr = commitToMemory();
final Runnable awaitCommit = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
mcr.writtenToDiskLatch.await();
} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
}
if (DEBUG && mcr.wasWritten) {
Log.d(TAG, mFile.getName() + ":" + mcr.memoryStateGeneration
+ " applied after " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime)
+ " ms");
}
}
};
// 2. 向QueuedWork中添加等待任务，确保即使Activity将要stop时仍要等待apply写盘操作执行完成
// 详见ActivityThread#handleStopActivity()中调用的QueuedWork.waitToFinish()
QueuedWork.addFinisher(awaitCommit);
Runnable postWriteRunnable = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
// 4. 写盘操作执行完成后，执行等待任务，并将其从QueuedWork中移出
awaitCommit.run();
QueuedWork.removeFinisher(awaitCommit);
}
};
// 3.写盘操作，完成后由mcr释放锁，注意第二个参数不为null，表示异步写盘
SharedPreferencesImpl.this.enqueueDiskWrite(mcr, postWriteRunnable);
// Okay to notify the listeners before it's hit disk
// because the listeners should always get the same
// SharedPreferences instance back, which has the
// changes reflected in memory.
notifyListeners(mcr);
}
apply()则是先将修改更新至内存 mMap，再将修改异步写入磁盘xml，它并不关心写盘操作成功与否。
无论是commit()还是apply()都会先执行commitToMemory()，它的作用就是将 mModified 和 mMap 的值进行比较，从而更新 mMap 中的值，逻辑比较简单，这里就不详细分析了。唯一需要注意的是，commitToMemory() 的返回值 mcr 中包含了一个 mapToWriteToDisk，它指向了更新后的 mMap，目的是为后边的写盘操作enqueueDiskWrite()做准备。
/**
* Enqueue an already-committed-to-memory result to be written
* to disk.
*
* They will be written to disk one-at-a-time in the order
* that they're enqueued.
*
* @param postWriteRunnable if non-null, we're being called
* from apply() and this is the runnable to run after
* the write proceeds. if null (from a regular commit()),
* then we're allowed to do this disk write on the main
* thread (which in addition to reducing allocations and
* creating a background thread, this has the advantage that
* we catch them in userdebug StrictMode reports to convert
* them where possible to apply() ...)
*/
private void enqueueDiskWrite(final MemoryCommitResult mcr,
final Runnable postWriteRunnable) {
final boolean isFromSyncCommit = (postWriteRunnable == null);
final Runnable writeToDiskRunnable = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
synchronized (mWritingToDiskLock) {
writeToFile(mcr, isFromSyncCommit);
}
synchronized (mLock) {
mDiskWritesInFlight--;
}
if (postWriteRunnable != null) {
postWriteRunnable.run();
}
}
};
// Typical #commit() path with fewer allocations, doing a write on
// the current thread.
if (isFromSyncCommit) {
boolean wasEmpty = false;
synchronized (mLock) {
wasEmpty = mDiskWritesInFlight == 1;
}
if (wasEmpty) { // 如果没有其他线程在写盘，直接在当前线程执行
writeToDiskRunnable.run();
return;
}
}
// 异步线程写盘
QueuedWork.queue(writeToDiskRunnable, !isFromSyncCommit);
}
从代码可以看出，commit()和apply()的主要区别就是在调用 enqueueDiskWrite() 进行写盘操作时传入的 postWriteRunnable 是否为 null.
如果是commit()且没有其他线程正在写盘，就会在当前线程上直接执行writeToDiskRunnable.run()，否则会将 writeToDiskRunnable 放入一个单线程队列中等待调度。
writeToDiskRunnable 的主要工作就是执行writeToFile()
// Note: must hold mWritingToDiskLock
private void writeToFile(MemoryCommitResult mcr, boolean isFromSyncCommit) {
long startTime = 0;
long existsTime = 0;
long backupExistsTime = 0;
long outputStreamCreateTime = 0;
long writeTime = 0;
long fsyncTime = 0;
long setPermTime = 0;
long fstatTime = 0;
long deleteTime = 0;
if (DEBUG) {
startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
boolean fileExists = mFile.exists();
if (DEBUG) {
existsTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
// Might not be set, hence init them to a default value
backupExistsTime = existsTime;
}
// Rename the current file so it may be used as a backup during the next read
if (fileExists) {
boolean needsWrite = false;
// Only need to write if the disk state is older than this commit
if (mDiskStateGeneration < mcr.memoryStateGeneration) {
if (isFromSyncCommit) {
needsWrite = true;
} else {
synchronized (mLock) {
// No need to persist intermediate states. Just wait for the latest state to
// be persisted.
if (mCurrentMemoryStateGeneration == mcr.memoryStateGeneration) {
needsWrite = true;
}
}
}
}
if (!needsWrite) {
mcr.setDiskWriteResult(false, true);
return;
}
boolean backupFileExists = mBackupFile.exists();
if (DEBUG) {
backupExistsTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
if (!backupFileExists) {
if (!mFile.renameTo(mBackupFile)) {
Log.e(TAG, "Couldn't rename file " + mFile
+ " to backup file " + mBackupFile);
mcr.setDiskWriteResult(false, false);
return;
}
} else {
mFile.delete();
}
}
// Attempt to write the file, delete the backup and return true as atomically as
// possible. If any exception occurs, delete the new file; next time we will restore
// from the backup.
try {
FileOutputStream str = createFileOutputStream(mFile);
if (DEBUG) {
outputStreamCreateTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
if (str == null) {
mcr.setDiskWriteResult(false, false);
return;
}
// 全量写入xml文件
XmlUtils.writeMapXml(mcr.mapToWriteToDisk, str);
writeTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
FileUtils.sync(str);
fsyncTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
str.close();
ContextImpl.setFilePermissionsFromMode(mFile.getPath(), mMode, 0);
if (DEBUG) {
setPermTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
try {
final StructStat stat = Os.stat(mFile.getPath());
synchronized (mLock) {
mStatTimestamp = stat.st_mtim;
mStatSize = stat.st_size;
}
} catch (ErrnoException e) {
// Do nothing
}
if (DEBUG) {
fstatTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
// Writing was successful, delete the backup file if there is one.
mBackupFile.delete();
if (DEBUG) {
deleteTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
}
mDiskStateGeneration = mcr.memoryStateGeneration;
// 操作成功
mcr.setDiskWriteResult(true, true);
if (DEBUG) {
Log.d(TAG, "write: " + (existsTime - startTime) + "/"
+ (backupExistsTime - startTime) + "/"
+ (outputStreamCreateTime - startTime) + "/"
+ (writeTime - startTime) + "/"
+ (fsyncTime - startTime) + "/"
+ (setPermTime - startTime) + "/"
+ (fstatTime - startTime) + "/"
+ (deleteTime - startTime));
}
long fsyncDuration = fsyncTime - writeTime;
mSyncTimes.add((int) fsyncDuration);
mNumSync++;
if (DEBUG || mNumSync % 1024 == 0 || fsyncDuration > MAX_FSYNC_DURATION_MILLIS) {
mSyncTimes.log(TAG, "Time required to fsync " + mFile + ": ");
}
return;
} catch (XmlPullParserException e) {
Log.w(TAG, "writeToFile: Got exception:", e);
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.w(TAG, "writeToFile: Got exception:", e);
}
// Clean up an unsuccessfully written file
if (mFile.exists()) {
if (!mFile.delete()) {
Log.e(TAG, "Couldn't clean up partially-written file " + mFile);
}
}
mcr.setDiskWriteResult(false, false);
}
阅读上面代码可知，writeToFile() 通过XmlUtils.writeMapXml()将前面 commitToMemory() 返回的mapToWriteToDisk（即mMap）全量写入xml文件，即每次都是建立一个空文件，然后将所有数据一次性写入，而不是增量写。因此，数据越大耗时就越长，就越可能产生ANR。
写盘操作最终会通过mcr.setDiskWriteResult()释放锁，对于apply()还会回调postWriteRunnable的run()方法去执行等待任务awaitCommit，并将它从QueuedWork中移除。
通过上面的分析可知，尽管apply()是异步操作，它还是可能会阻塞UI线程导致ANR，因为系统要确保在Activity退出时数据可以正常保存，这也是SharedPreferences的一个缺陷。
参考资料：
《Android工程化最佳实践》第4章 SharedPreferences的再封装
https://juejin.cn/post/6881442312560803853