6) 身份验证
基本身份认证(HTTP Basic Auth)
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd'))
# r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd'))? ? # 简写
print(r.json())
另一种非常流行的HTTP身份认证形式是摘要式身份认证，Requests对它的支持也是开箱即可用的:
requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
Cookies与会话对象
如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie，你可以快速访问它们：
import requests
r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')
print(r.cookies['NID'])
print(tuple(r.cookies))
要想发送你的cookies到服务器，可以使用 cookies 参数：
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@，冒号，分号等特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())
会话对象让你能够跨请求保持某些参数，最方便的是在同一个Session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies，且这些都是自动处理的，甚是方便。
下面就来一个真正的实例，如下是快盘签到脚本：
import requests
headers = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
? ? ? ? ? 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress',
? ? ? ? ? 'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3',
? ? ? ? ? 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
? ? ? ? ? 'Connection': 'keep-alive',
? ? ? ? ? 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update(headers)
# s.auth = ('superuser', '123')
s.get('https://www.kuaipan.cn/account_login.htm')
_URL = 'http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php'
s.post(_URL, params={'ac':'account', 'op':'login'},
? ? ? data={'username':'****@foxmail.com', 'userpwd':'********', 'isajax':'yes'})
r = s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'zone', 'op':'taskdetail'})
print(r.json())
s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'common', 'op':'usersign'})
requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例
这是一个基本的文件保存操作，但这里有几个值得注意的问题：
1.安装requests包，命令行输入pip install requests即可自动安装。很多人推荐使用requests，自带的urllib.request也可以抓取网页源码
2.open方法encoding参数设为utf-8，否则保存的文件会出现乱码。
3.如果直接在cmd中输出抓取的内容，会提示各种编码错误，所以保存到文件查看。
4.with open方法是更好的写法，可以自动操作完毕后释放资源
#! /urs/bin/python3
import requests
'''requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例'''
html = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
? ? f.write(html.text)
'''读取一个txt文件，每次读取一行，并保存到另一个txt文件中的示例'''
ff = open('testt.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
with open('test.txt', encoding="utf-8") as f:
? ? for line in f:
? ? ? ? ff.write(line)
? ? ? ? ff.close()
因为在命令行中打印每次读取一行的数据，中文会出现编码错误，所以每次读取一行并保存到另一个文件，这样来测试读取是否正常。（注意open的时候制定encoding编码方式）
自动登陆"示例：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
# ############## 方式一 ##############
"""
# ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
? ? url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
? ? data={
? ? ? ? 'phone': "8615131255089",
? ? ? ? 'password': "xxooxxoo",
? ? ? ? 'oneMonth': ""
? ? },
? ? cookies=i1_cookies
)
gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
? ? url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
? ? cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)
print(i3.text)
"""
# ############## 方式二 ##############
"""
import requests
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
? ? url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
? ? data={
? ? ? ? 'phone': "8615131255089",
? ? ? ? 'password': "xxooxxoo",
? ? ? ? 'oneMonth': ""
? ? }
)
i3 = session.post(
? ? url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)
"""
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
# ############## 方式一 ##############
#
# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token
# i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
# form_data = {
# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
#? ? "utf8": "",
#? ? "commit": "Sign in",
#? ? "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
#? ? 'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
#? ? if isinstance(child, Tag):
#? ? ? ? project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
#? ? ? ? size_tag = child.find(name='small')
#? ? ? ? temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
#? ? ? ? print(temp)
# ############## 方式二 ##############
# session = requests.Session()
# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token
# i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
# form_data = {
#? ? "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
#? ? "utf8": "",
#? ? "commit": "Sign in",
#? ? "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
#? ? 'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
#? ? if isinstance(child, Tag):
#? ? ? ? project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
#? ? ? ? size_tag = child.find(name='small')
#? ? ? ? temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
#? ? ? ? print(temp)
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(
? ? url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
? ? headers={
? ? ? ? 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
? ? }
)
soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')
current_time = time.time()
i2 = session.get(
? ? url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
? ? params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
? ? headers={
? ? ? ? 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
? ? })
with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
? ? f.write(i2.content)
captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：')
form_data = {
? ? "_xsrf": xsrf,
? ? 'password': 'xxooxxoo',
? ? "captcha": 'captcha',
? ? 'email': '424662508@qq.com'
}
i3 = session.post(
? ? url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
? ? data=form_data,
? ? headers={
? ? ? ? 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
? ? }
)
i4 = session.get(
? ? url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
? ? headers={
? ? ? ? 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
? ? }
)
soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string
print(nick_name)
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import re
import json
import base64
import rsa
import requests
def js_encrypt(text):
? ? b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
? ? der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)
? ? pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
? ? v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
? ? value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
? ? value = value.decode('utf8')
? ? return value
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1)
form_data = {
? ? 'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
? ? 'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
? ? 'remember': False
}
i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? data=json.dumps(form_data),
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? headers={
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 'VerificationToken': verification_token}
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? )
i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')
print(i3.text)
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
# 第一步：访问登陆页,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token，X_Anti_Forge_Code
# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
# 2、请求方法:GET
# 3、请求头:
#? ? User-agent
r1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? headers={
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? },
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? )
X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code)
# print(r1.cookies.get_dict())
# 第二步：登陆
# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json
# 2、请求方法:POST
# 3、请求头:
#? ? cookie
#? ? User-agent
#? ? Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
#? ? X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984
#? ? X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78
#? ? X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest
# 4、请求体：
# isValidate:true
# username:15131252215
# password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d
# request_form_verifyCode:''
# submit:''
r2 = requests.post(
? ? 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json',
? ? headers={
? ? ? ? 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
? ? ? ? 'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
? ? ? ? 'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code,
? ? ? ? 'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token,
? ? ? ? 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
? ? },
? ? data={
? ? ? ? "isValidate": True,
? ? ? ? 'username': '15131255089',
? ? ? ? 'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d',
? ? ? ? 'request_form_verifyCode': '',
? ? ? ? 'submit': ''
? ? },
? ? cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict()
)
print(r2.text)
